Interoperability has been touted as the answer to everything: instead of a fragmented set of solutions, invest in one that plugs into everything or can be molded to address any use case. The notion of interoperability has manifested itself in different ways, through mass acquisitions and consolidation of capabilities to systems explicitly developed to integrate with anything else. And yet, start-ups are still proliferating; the market remains fragmented, there is no "one solution to rule them all," and most of the problems we had before remain. What happened, and why hasn't interoperability solved our problems the way we thought it would?
